NFE2L2 and in situ carcinoma: Our findings confirm earlier reports of CIS toxicity disrupting testicular architecture (23, 36, 37) through oxidative stress (23, 36, 38, 39) as the primary mechanism, which interrupts various signalling pathways, Nrf2 in particular (14,15,16), and triggers inflammation (14, 36, 40, 41) and ERS-induced apoptosis (42,43,44,45) to eventually lead to tissue damage (3, 5).