CASP3 and nervous system disorder: The most affected genes due to MAL toxicity are associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as illustrated in Figure S1B. Notable genes implicated in MAL’s toxic effects include ACHE, CAT, CASP3, TP53, and SOD2. Additionally, data from toxicogenomics databases show strong correlations between malathion exposure and various diseases, including nervous system disorders, cancer, and metabolic conditions (Figure S1C).