GABPA and cancer: Low/non-cytotoxic polyphenol concentrations upregulate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway for cancer chemoprevention, while high concentrations can act as pro-oxidants, downregulating Nrf2 expression and related resilience genes and proteins (e.g., HO-1, Hsp70) by inducing cytotoxic activity in brain cancer cells, suggesting their potential as chemotherapeutic drugs [41].