As presented in Table 3, PAS is significantly associated with increased serum IS concentrations (odds ratio [OR]: 1.389 for every 1 μg/mL increase in IS, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.086–1.775, p = 0.009) after adjusting for potential confounding factors such as DM, hypertension, age, SBP, DBP, albumin, creatinine, eGFR, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and UPCR. Here, ALB is linked to diabetes mellitus.