TNF and neuroblastoma: An increase in IL-6 and TNF-α has also been observed in vitro studies with the SH-SY5Y undifferentiated human neuroblastoma cell line when exposed to OTA (3.1–12.5 μM) for 24–48 h, with a dose-dependent increase in the TNF-α response after 48 h [120], as also seen in 3D rat whole-brain aggregate cultures [120,121].