TNF and triple-negative breast carcinoma: Beyond the AA pathway, our previous study shows that PsA-D reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced NF-κB activation in the triple negative breast cancer cell line (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 and in the human monocytic cell line THP-1, by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα in both cell lines, leading to a reduced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and target genes of NF-κB: TNF-α, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 [12].