CCL2 and Alzheimer disease: In samples from patients with periodontal disease and dementia (70% of whom had AD), the researchers measured a set of periodontal inflammatory biomarkers, including IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-Ra), epidermal growth factor (EGF), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), growth-regulated oncogene (GRO), IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), MCP-1α, MCP-1β, and TNF-α.