The Nef constructs derived from HIV-pulmonary hypertensive donors demonstrated significant increases in Th1 cytokines IL-2, IL-12p70, and IFNg (Figure 9A–C), as well as anti-inflammatory IL-10 (Figure 9D), but did not elicit innate immunity cytokines IL-1b or TNFa (Figure 9E,F). Here, IL1B is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.