TNF and interstitial lung disease: Eligible studies comprised those involving hospitalized patients diagnosed with RA-ILD, regardless of concomitant medications, who were of adult age (≥18 years); the studies measured the effect of pharmacological interventions, including methotrexate, leflunomide, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (anti-TNF), abatacept, rituximab, JAK inhibitors, and antifibrotic agents, compared to placebo or other therapies for RA.