In endothelial cells, TNF-α enhances TGF-β-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), resulting in the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that support tumor growth via sustained Smad2/3 activation and upregulation of TGF-β signaling components [40]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.