In hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), treatment with CpG-ODN increases the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream targets (including ULK1, AMBRA1, LC3II/I, and LAMP1) and inhibition of TLR9 or AMPK reverses these effects, leading to decreased autophagy and poorer neurobehavioral outcomes [132]. Here, ULK1 is linked to perinatal asphyxia.