TNF and chronic asthma: Mice with acute and chronic asthma exhibited markedly increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, and TGF-β in their sera after exposure to ovalbumin and extracts from P. fusca and P. ficariae. However, after P. ficariae inhalation, the concentrations of TGF-β in the acute asthma model and TGF-β, IL-5, and TNF-α in the chronic asthma model were significantly higher than those in the P. fusca extract-exposed group (Figure 4A,B).