Thus, we initially infected mice deficient in Caspase-1/11 (Fig. 3A), ASC (Fig. 3B), Casp1/11/ASC (Fig. 3C), and IL-1R (Fig. 3D) and observed that the first exposure to Lp thyA L. pneumophila was still able to induce protection against the subsequent infection in these animals, when compared to mice that were first infected with dotA- thyA bacteria or mock. This evidence concerns the gene IL1R1 and infection.