TNF and Neonatal sepsis: First, the cytokines IL-6, TNF, and IL-10 have been found in many studies to be significantly elevated in human infants experiencing LOS (Ye et al., 2017) (Shane et al., 2017), as well as other mouse models of neonatal sepsis (Flierl et al., 2008) (Wynn et al., 2007).