Research indicates that the dysregulation of various signaling pathways, including Wnt (22), PI3K/Akt (23, 24), Notch (25), PD-1/PD-L1 (4), NF-κB (26), Hippo (27), MAPK (17, 28), Hedgehog (Hh) (29), AMPK (30), can facilitate LC progression and metastasis. Here, AKT1 is linked to laryngotracheoesophageal cleft.