CCL2 and neurodegenerative disease: This process enhances the production of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, CCL2, GMF, NO, and ROS, ultimately driving inflammatory responses and cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases (Xiong et al., 2014; Kopitar-Jerala, 2015; Molofsky et al., 2015; Saggu et al., 2016; Ju Hwang et al., 2019).