INS and metabolic disease: Initially, when insulin resistance occurs, pancreatic bcells compensate by secreting more insulin to maintain normal glucose metabolism, but as the disease progresses, pancreatic b cell function deteriorates, insulin secretion significantly decreases, blood sugar cannot return to normal baseline levels, leading to metabolic disorders, including glucose and lipid abnormalities, and metabolic diseases such as T2DM (Warram et al., 1990; Lillioja et al., 1988).