Liu et al. used network pharmacology to investigate the mechanisms of steamed Panax notoginseng in “homotherapy for heteropathy” for anemia and Alzheimer’s disease and found that it exerted its therapeutic effects by reducing the expression of TNF-α and TLR4 in anemic rats and transgenic Aβ flies (Mengnan et al., 2023). Here, TLR4 is linked to anemia.