This proton pump may also influence other signaling pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration, such as the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways.46 Inhibition of V-ATPase has been shown to significantly reduce the growth, migration and invasion of cancer cells.47 Combining chemotherapy drugs with V-ATPase inhibitors yields a synergistic anticancer effect in drug-resistant cancer cells exhibiting heightened V-ATPase activity. The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is cancer.