Gene association studies have so far identified 16 candidate loci involved in PCOS, including genes involved in gonadotropin action (LHCGR and FSHR), metabolism and sexual development (ESR1), insulin signaling and type 2 diabetes (INSR, THADA, HMGA2) or cell proliferation (YAP1 and SUMO1P1) (14). The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is polycystic ovary syndrome.