Using a predetermined panel of metabolites selected from previous research (Jin & Ma, 2021; Shahisavandi et al., 2023), it confirmed increased BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine and valine), alanine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, VLDL triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids, in addition to an elevated apolipoprotein B100/apolipoprotein A1 ratio in T2DM relative to the healthy control cohort (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene APOA1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.