VCAM1 and neoplasm: Overactivation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway can inhibit the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), thereby suppressing the transport of immune cells to the tumor site and promoting immune evasion by the tumor.[41] Anti-angiogenic therapy, which targets multiple pathways and multiple targets of VEGF, has been shown to effectively improve the tumor microenvironment, enhance immune cell infiltration into tumor tissues, and strengthen the immune system’s antitumor capacity.