TGFA and ulcer disease: Furthermore, the disintegration of GSNO leads to the release of NO, which facilitates vasodilation, thereby enhancing the accumulation of growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), among others, collectively stimulating epithelial proliferation.[54, 55] The NACH2G0.2 group showcased comprehensive epithelial layer restoration with complete ulcer healing, underscoring the pivotal role of PNIPAM's dynamic mechanical contraction in facilitating the recovery of the ulcerated surface.