tPA and PAI-1 serum proteinconcentrations were quantified by ELISA and compared across the groups.The findings demonstrated that PAI-1 serum levels were increased inDLB (p < 0.05), PD (p < 0.01),and MSA (p < 0.001) patients as compared to controls.In addition, MSA patients had higher PAI-1 serum levels (p < 0.01) as compared to DLB patients, showing the highest PAI-1levels among all groups. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and multiple system atrophy.