EPO and anemia (phenotype): CMDs designed for chronic anemia treatment demonstrated a rapid increase in serum EPO levels by 65.7 ± 12.4 % within 48 h post-implantation [110], while those aimed at growth hormone (GH) secretion maintained elevated human GH levels in the blood, reaching up to 2.5 ng/ml over a six-month period, compared to the absence of this hormone in the control group [111].