As shown in Table 1, participants in the highest quartile of PhA groups were more likely to be younger, man; less likely to have hypertension, diabetes, hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease history; have higher levels of eGFR, uric acid, hemoglobin (Hb) and BMI, and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and earlier stages of CKD (all p < 0.05). Here, GSTM1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.