Moreover, β-OHB reduced the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and tubular injury by decreasing Phospho-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells subunit 65 (p-NF-κB p65) expression in LPS-induced AKI, and by suppressing the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in Cisplatin-induced AKI (Kim et al., 2023; Luo et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and acute kidney injury.