TNF and irritable bowel syndrome: Also, there were higher levels of proinflammatory interleukins in patients with IBS vs. controls, IL‐6: 945.82 ± 271.74 vs. 286.88 ± 39.77 pg/μL (p < 0.01) (Figure 2C) and TNF‐α: 927.75 ± 298.08 vs. 286.85 ± 39.80 pg/μL (p < 0.01) (Figure 2D).