Lastly, complimenting Dr. Arfanakis’ work relating mPVS and cognition, Dr. Ramirez found in patients with neurodegenerative disease that the effect of mPVS on speeded executive function was mediated by the presence of elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a blood-based biomarker of inflammation, and of white matter hyperintensities [34]. Here, GFAP is linked to neurodegenerative disease.