TGFB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Metformin, a widely used FDA-approved antidiabetic drug for type 2 diabetes, has recently been repurposed as an antifibrotic agent due to its impact on the mechanisms underlying fibrosis and collagen deposition, especially through modulation of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway and oxidative stress management [24, 26, 28, 29, 55].