Additionally, recently identified biomarkers in pre-manifest fAD CSF reveal several candidates that are also dysregulated in our fAD patient-derived astrocyte cultures (e.g., SMOC2, STMN2 and SLIT/PDLIM family genes); providing clinical relevance to our model and supporting the presence of astrocyte dysfunction decades before clinical onset [67]. The gene discussed is SMOC2; the disease is familial Alzheimer disease.