PINK1 and Parkinson disease: Overall, both cell culture and in vivo genetic models of PD suggest that PINK1, LRRK2 and DJ-1 interact at the OMM to form a unique trimeric complex to participate in a linear or parallel neuroprotective signaling pathway to regulate brain bioenergetics by regulating the activities and formation of supercomplexes of several ETC proteins or by directly modulating complex V-dependent ATP synthesis (Fig. 3).