This shift in population activates the HMG-B1/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages, leading to secretion of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) chemokines, which in turn promotes MDSC infiltration and tumor metastasis (58). The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is neoplasm.