Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (11), melanoma (12), urothelial carcinoma (13), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (14), and renal cell carcinoma (15) have seen significant improvements in overall and progression-free survival when using PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.