DSP identified the proliferation marker Ki-67 and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase T183/Y185 (p-JNK), a member of the MAPK signaling pathway, as significantly upregulated proteins in aggressive PCa (Gleason grades 4 or 5) compared to indolent disease (Gleason grade 3; p<0.05). This evidence concerns the gene MKI67 and posterior cortical atrophy.