TNF and mood disorder: Finally, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 reduce TNF-α, IL-6, and other inflammatory indicators, which are critical for decreasing chronic low-grade inflammation in the progression of metabolic syndrome (46).Although our research lacked formal assessments of mood disorders or seasonal hormone measurements, prior studies have documented pronounced seasonal fluctuations in GH secretion (47), underscoring the importance of temporal hormonal dynamics in endocrine–metabolic research.