Researchers have now found that urea can directly act on pancreatic β-cells, thus affecting insulin secretion and inducing insulin resistance through various mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inducing post-translational modifications (e.g., O-GlcNAcylation) (39), and insulin resistance is closely related to HUA (40–43); (iv)related to insufficient renal tubular reabsorption. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.