Additionally, DEGs analysis indicated that treatment with NRICM102, NAC, or their combination significantly modulated key genes associated with inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, p67phox, and CD14), cell death (NLRP3 and IL-1β), immune response activation (NET and MPO), chemokine signaling and receptor activity (CCL6, CXCL14, CCR1, and CXCR2), liver metabolism (CYP1/2/3), fibrosis (MMP-9), and atherosclerosis (VCAM-1, E-selectin, Integrin) (Table 1). Here, CCR1 is linked to atherosclerosis.