TNF and chronic kidney disease: In chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis, when compared with placebo, curcumin had a non-significant effect on IL-6 (SMD:0.24%; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.62; I2 = 97.1%), TNF-a (SMD:0.11; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.40; I2 = 95.9%) or hs-CRP (SMD: 0.17%; 95%CI: 0.36, 0.03; I2 = 79.6%) (Emami et al., 2022).