However, compared with placebo, curcumin supplementation had a non-significant effect on IL-6 (WMD: 1.67; 95%CI: 3.80, 0.47; I2 = 81.3%), TNF-a (WMD: 2.58; 95%CI: 6.21, 1.06; I2 = 98.6%) and CRP levels (WMD: 2.59; 95% CI: 5.45, 0.26; I2 = 99.4%) in patients with NAFLD (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2024). Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.