ALB and Nephropathy: When kidney damage persists for more than 3 months, patients may experience a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and elevations in renal damage markers, such as serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), urine β2-microglobulin, and increased urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [2].