CST3 and Insulin resistance: Among the 20 significantly associated traits for females and for males were traits indicative of chronic inflammation (elevated C-reactive protein [CRP] and cystatin C levels, and leucocyte and neutrophil counts), insulin resistance (elevated triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol [TG-to-HDL-C] ratio, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and gamma glutamyltransferase [GGT]), and liver disease (elevated ALT, ALP and GGT, and low urea levels) (Fig. 2A).