GIP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In recent years, pharmacological approaches to manage obesity have gained wide acceptance, with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrating effectiveness in weight loss in patients with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (Iqbal et al., 2023; Ma et al., 2023; Melson et al., 2024).