PDCD1 and neoplasm: Current targeted therapies for cervical cancer primarily encompass monoclonal antibodies [9–12], such as bevacizumab [13], which inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and immune checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab and nivolumab [14], which enhance anti-tumor T-cell immunity by blocking programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) [15, 16].