TGFA and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Interestingly, we found reduced TGFα levels in the CSF of treatment-naïve RRMS patients as compared to controls (Fig. 4p), underlining the differential compartmentalization of tissue-intrinsic TGFα versus TGFα presented in the CSF, while suggesting a potential benefit of exogenously compensating a putative net deficiency of TGFα signaling in the CNS during acute inflammation.