CD86 and Salmonella Infections: Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the addition of 1 mM β-alanine did not affect the percentage of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages (CD86+) and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (CD163+) during Salmonella infection (Figure 1—figure supplement 2), implying that the addition of β-alanine to macrophages does not change their immune response.