INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Additionally, L. fermentum and L. reuteri are important for addressing T2DM by enhancing insulin sensitivity, pathways, including G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase protein Kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and metabolites, including LPS, BAs, and SCFAs. Strains like L. brevis and L. helveticus contribute to hypertension management by regulating nitric oxide and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity.