INS and Insulin resistance: While two studies demonstrated that dietary vitamin K supplementation improves insulin sensitivity, lowers ucOC, and increases carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC) (Choi et al. 2011; Yoshida et al. 2008), other studies have shown no effect (Tacey et al. 2021), or an increase in blood glucose and insulin resistance with reduced ucOC (Alfadda et al. 2013; Parker et al. 2019).