CAT and chronic kidney disease: Simultaneously, ICA enhances antioxidant defense by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as serum total antioxidant capacity, thereby slowing fibrotic progression in CKD (Wang M. et al., 2021; Qi et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2019; Hou et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2023; Zhang L. et al., 2017).