Through modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway, ICA significantly attenuates myocardial fibrosis progression in both myocardial infarction and DCM (Jia et al., 2023; Qiao et al., 2020), underscoring its antifibrotic efficacy and cardioprotective potential. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis.