AFP and metabolic syndrome: Among the characteristics in both the training and validation datasets, nine characteristics showed significant differences between the training and validation datasets: hypertension (p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (p < 0.001), HP infection (p = 0.008), glucose (p = 0.001), pepsinogen II (p < 0.001), AFP (p < 0.001), CEA (p = 0.001), CA125 (p < 0.001), and CA199 (p = 0.003).