In mosquito malaria models, Vinayagam et al. (2023) systematically reviewed that gut microbiota in mosquitoes directly suppress Plasmodium development by activating the immune deficiency IMD pathway and peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-mediated immune responses, thereby inducing thioester-containing protein TEP1 expression and antimicrobial peptide secretion. The gene discussed is PGLYRP1; the disease is Immunodeficiency.